Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 2 , Pages 140-145 , April 2009

Diagnosis of Nontraumatic Blood Loss in Birds and Reptiles

  • Heather Nevill, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Heather Nevill, DVM, International Bird Rescue Research Center, PO Box 2816, Fort MacArthur Station, San Pedro, CA 90731

References 

  1. Van Dam-Mieras MCE, Muller AD. Blood coagulation as a part of the haemostatic system. In:  Zwall RFA,  Hemker HC editor. Blood Coagulation. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1986;p. 1–3
  2. Roncales FJ, Sancho JM. Coagulation activators. In:  Feldman BF,  Zinkl JG,  Jain NC editor. Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. Philadelphia PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 532–537
  3. Topper MJ, Welles EG. Hemostasis. In:  Latimer KS,  Mahaffey EA,  Prasse KW editor. Duncan & Prasse's Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology. (ed 4). Ames, IA: Iowa State Press; 2003;p. 99–135
  4. Lewis JH. Laboratory methods & test parameters (Comparative Hemostasis in Vertebrates). In: New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1996;p. 17–25
  5. Davidson CJ, Tuddenham EG, McVey JH. 450 million years of hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:1487–1494
  6. Lewis JH. Domestic fowl: Class Aves (Comparative Hemostasis in Vertebrates). In: New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1996;p. 97–105
  7. Thomson AE, Squires EJ, Gentry PA. Assessment of factor V, VII and X activities, the key coagulant proteins of the tissue factor pathway in poultry plasma. Brit Poult Sci. 2002;43:313–321
  8. Lewis JH. The reptiles: Class Reptilia (Comparative Hemostasis in Vertebrates). In: New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1996;p. 85–96
  9. Frost CL, Naude RJ, Oelofsen W, et al. Comparative blood coagulation studies in the ostrich. Immunopharmacology. 1999;45:75–81
  10. Recheis B, Osanger A, Haubenwallner S, et al. Chicken coagulation factor XIIIa is produced by the theca externa and stabilizes the ovarian follicular wall. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:35320–35327
  11. Griminger P. Coagulation. In:  Sturkie PD editors. Avian Physiology. (ed 4). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1986;p. 121–125
  12. Doerr JA, Hamilton PB. New evidence for intrinsic blood coagulation in chickens. Poult Sci. 1981;60:237–242
  13. Ratnoff OD, Rosenberg JJ, Everson B, et al. Notes on clotting in a Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus). J Lab Clin Med. 1990;115:629–635
  14. Joseph JS, Chung MCM, Mirtschin PJ, et al. Effect of snake venom procoagulants on snake plasma: implications for the coagulation cascade of snakes. Toxicon. 2002;40:175–183
  15. Espada Y. Avian hemostasis. In:  Feldman BF,  Zinkl JG,  Jain NC editor. Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 552–555
  16. Kubalek S, Mischke R, Fehr M. Investigations on blood coagulation in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;49:210–216
  17. Doerr JA, Wyatt RD, Hamilton PB. Investigation and standardization of prothrombin times in chickens. Poult Sci. 1975;54:969–980
  18. Morrisey JK, Paul-Murphy J, Fialkowski JP, et al. Estimation of prothrombin times of Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) and umbrella cockatoos (Cacatua alba). J Avian Med Surg. 2003;17:72–77
  19. Soslau G, Wallace B, Vicente C, et al. Comparison of functional aspects of the coagulation cascade in human and sea turtle plasmas. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B. 2004;138:399–406
  20. Fudge AM. Disorders of avian erythrocytes. In:  Fudge AM editors. Laboratory Medicine: Avian & Exotic Pets. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000;p. 28–34
  21. Johnston MS, Son TT, Rosenthal KL. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in an eclectus parrot. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;230:1028–1031
  22. Campbell TW, Ellis CK. Comparative cytology. In:  Campbell TW,  Ellis CK editor. Avian & Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology. (ed 3). Oxford: Blackwell; 2007;p. 139–222
  23. Giger U. Regenerative anemias caused by blood loss or hemolysis. In:  Ettinger SJ,  Feldman EC editor. Textbook of Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 6). St Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders; 2000;p. 1886–1907
  24. Muramoto Y, Ozaki H, Takada A, et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus causes coagulopathy in chickens. Microbiol Immunol. 2006;50:73–81
  25. Wiwanitkit V. Hemostatic disorders in bird flu infection. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2008;19:5–6
  26. Ritchie BW. Diagnosing viral infections. In:  Ritchie BW editors. Avian Viruses: Function and Control. Lake Worth, FL: Wingers Publishing; 1995;p. 83–103
  27. Bermudez AJ, Hopkins BA. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis in a rhea (Rhea americana). Avian Dis. 1995;39:661–665
  28. Ritchie BW. Polyomaviruses. In:  Ritchie BW editors. Avian Viruses: Function and Control. Lake Worth, FL: Wingers Publishing; 1995;p. 136–170
  29. Ritchie BW. Paramyxoviridae. In:  Ritchie BW editors. Avian Viruses: Function and Control. Lake Worth, FL: Wingers Publishing; 1995;p. 253–284
  30. Ritchie BW. Herpesviridae. In:  Ritchie BW editors. Avian Viruses: Function and Control. Lake Worth, FL: Wingers Publishing; 1995;p. 171–222
  31. Fudge AM. Avian clinical pathology—hematology and chemistry. In:  Altman RB,  Clubb SL,  Dorrestein GR,  Quesenberry K editor. Avian Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1997;p. 142–157
  32. Dam H. The antihaemmorrhagic vitamin of the chick. Biochem J. 1935;29:1237–1285
  33. Stone WB, Okoniewski JC, Stedelin JR. Anticoagulant rodenticides and raptors: recent findings from New York, NY, 1998-2001. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003;70:34–40
  34. Murray M, Tseng F. Diagnosis and treatment of secondary anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis in a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). J Avian Med Surg. 2008;22:41–46
  35. Leighton FA, Peakall DB, Butler RG. Heinz-body hemolytic anemia from the ingestion of crude oil: a primary toxic effect in marine birds. Science. 1983;220:871–873
  36. Jones JS, Thomas JS, Bahr A, et al. Presumed immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a blue-crowned conure (Aratinga acuticaudata). J Avian Med Surg. 2002;16:223–229
  37. Crespo R, Chin RP. Effect of feeding green onions (Allium ascalonicum) to white Chinese geese (Threskiornis spinicollis). J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:321–325
  38. Wade LL, Newman SJ. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis and hepatosplenic erythrophagocytosis in a dusky-headed conure (Aratinga weddelli) after ingestion of garlic (Allium sativum). J Avian Med Surg. 2004;18:155–161
  39. Droual R, Meteyer CU, Galey FD. Zinc toxicosis due to ingestion of a penny in a gray-headed chachalaca (Ortalis cinereiceps). Avian Dis. 1991;35:1007–1011
  40. Christopher MM, Shooshtari MP, Levengood JM. Assessment of erythrocyte morphologic abnormalities in mallards with experimentally induced zinc toxicosis. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65:440–446
  41. Newman SH, Mazet JK, Ziccardi MH, et al. Haematological changes and anaemia associated with captivity and petroleum exposure in seabirds. Comp Haematol Int. 1999;9:60–67
  42. Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, Ross S. Chronic kidney disease. In:  Ettinger SJ,  Feldman EC editor. Textbook of Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 6). St Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders; 2000;p. 1756–1785
  43. Rotstein DS, Lewbart GA, Hobbie K, et al. Suspected oak, Quercus, toxicity in an African spurred tortoise, Geochelone sulcata. J Herp Med Surg. 2003;13:20–21
  44. DuFort RM, Matros L. Acquired coagulopathies. In:  Ettinger SJ,  Feldman EC editor. Textbook of Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 6). St Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders; 2000;p. 1933–1937
  45. Jaensch SM, Raidal SR. Peripheral erythrophagocytosis in two reptiles. Comp Clin Path. 2006;15:113–116

PII: S1557-5063(09)00049-4

doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2009.04.011

Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 2 , Pages 140-145 , April 2009