Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 40-49 , January 2009

Anesthetic Considerations for Amphibians

  • Mark A. Mitchell, DVM, MS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Mark A. Mitchell, DVM, MS, PhD, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr, Urbana, IL 61802

References 

  1. Smith JM, Stump KC. Isoflurane anesthesia in the African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 2000;39(6):39–42
  2. Ross A, Guenette SA, Helie P, et al. Case of cutaneous necrosis in African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis, after the topical application of eugenol. Can Vet J. 2006;47(11):1115–1117
  3. Guenette SA, Helie P, Beaudry F, et al. Eugenol for anesthesia of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2007;34(3):164–170
  4. Guenette SA, Beaudry F, Vachon P. Anesthetic properties of propofol in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2008;47(5):35–38
  5. Wright KM. Restraint techniques and euthanasia. In:  Wright KM,  Whitaker BR editor. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing; 2001;p. 114–120
  6. Lafortune M, Mitchell MA, Smith J. Evaluation of medetomidine, clove oil, and propofol for anesthesia of leopard frogs, Rana pipiens. J Herp Med Surg. 2001;11(4):13–18
  7. Mitchell MA, Riggs S, Singleton B, et al. Evaluating the clinical and cardiopulmonary effects of clove oil and propofol in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). J Exotic Pet Med. 2009;18:50–56
  8. Von Esse FV, Wright KM. Effect of intracoelomic propofol in White's tree frogs, Pelodryas caerulea. Bull Assoc Reptil Amphib Vet. 1999;9(3):7–8
  9. Downes H. Tricaine anesthesia in Amphibia: a review. Bull Assoc Reptil Amphib Vet. 1995;5(2):11–16
  10. Letcher JL. Intracoelomic use of tricaine methanesulfonate for anesthesia of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Zoo Biol. 1992;11:243–251
  11. Lowe J. Rates of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) anesthetization in relation to pH and concentration in five terrestrial salamanders. Herpetol Rev. 2004;35:352–354
  12. Crook AC, Whiteman HH. An evaluation of MS-222 and benzocaine for metamorphic and paedomorphic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum). Am Midl Natural. 2006;155(2):417–422
  13. Borgens RB, McGinnis ME, Vanable JW, et al. Stump currents in regenerating salamanders and newts. J Experiment Zool. 1984;231:249–256
  14. Vanable JW. Benzocaine: an excellent amphibian anesthetic. Axol News. 1985;14:19–21
  15. Cakir Y, Strauch SM. Tricaine (MS-222) is a safe anesthetic compound compared to benzocaine and pentobarbital to induce anesthesia in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Pharmacol Rep. 2005;57(4):467–474
  16. Sladky KK, Swanson CR, Stoskopf MK. Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). Am J Vet Res. 2001;62(3):337–342
  17. Feng J, Lipton JM. Eugenol: antipyretic activity in rabbits. Neuropharmacology. 1997;26:1775–1778
  18. Kirsch CM, Yenokida GG, Jensen WA, et al. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to the intravenous administration of clove oil. Thorax. 1990;45:235–236
  19. Lane BW, Ellenhorn MJ, Hulbert TV, et al. Clove oil ingestion in an infant. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1991;10:291–294
  20. Stetter MD, Raphael B, Indiviglio F, et al. Isoflurane anesthesia in amphibians: comparisons of five different application techniques. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 1996;p. 255–257
  21. Letcher J, Durante R. Evaluation of use of tiletamine/zolazepam for anesthesia of bullfrogs and leopard frogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;207(1):80–82

PII: S1557-5063(08)00208-5

doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2008.11.006

Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 40-49 , January 2009

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