Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 4-13 , January 2009

Edematous Frogs, Urinary Tract Disease, and Disorders of Fluid Balance in Amphibians

  • Allan P. Pessier, DVM, Dip. ACVP

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Allan P. Pessier, DVM, Dip. ACVP, Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Department of Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, P.O. Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551

References 

  1. Møbjerg N, Jespersen Å, Wilkinson M. Morphology of the kidney in the west African caecilian, Geotrypetes seraphini (Amphibia, Gymnophiona, Caecilidae). J Morphol. 2004;262:583–607
  2. Holz PH, Raidal SR. Comparative renal anatomy of exotic species. Vet Clin North Am (Exotic Anim Pract). 2006;9:1–11
  3. Møbjerg N, Larsen EH, Jespersen Å. Morphology of the kidney in larvae of Bufo viridis (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). J Morphol. 2000;245:177–195
  4. Carter DB. Structure and function of the subcutaneous lymph sacs in the Anura (Amphibia). J Herpetol. 1979;13:321–327
  5. Foglia VG. Cause of death of toads after destruction of their lymph hearts. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1941;46:598–601
  6. Zwemer RL, Foglia VG. Fatal loss of plasma volume after lymph heart destruction in toads. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1943;53:14–17
  7. Shoemaker VH, Hillman SS, Hillyard SD, et al. Exchange of water, ions and respiratory gases in terrestrial amphibians. In:  Feder ME,  Burggren WW editor. Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1992;p. 125–150
  8. Boutilier RG, Stiffler DF, Toews DP. Exchange of respiratory gases, ions and water in amphibious and aquatic amphibians. In:  Feder ME,  Burggren WW editor. Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1992;p. 81–124
  9. Wells KD. Water relations, in The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. In: Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2007;p. 82–121
  10. Wright KM. Amphibian hematology. In:  Wright KM,  Whitaker BR editor. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar, FL: Kreiger Publishing; 2001;p. 129–146
  11. Hillyard SD, Viborg A, Nagai T, et al. Chemosensory function of salt and water transport by amphibian skin. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2007;148:44–54
  12. Uchiyama M, Konno N. Hormonal regulation of ion and water transport in anuran amphibians. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2006;147:54–61
  13. Harvey BJ. Energization of sodium absorption by the H(+)-ATPase pump in mitochondria-rich cells of frog skin. J Exp Biol. 1992;172:289–309
  14. Stiffler DF. Cutaneous exchange of ions in lower vertebrates. Am Zool. 1988;28:1019–1029
  15. Schmid WD. Some aspects of the water economies of nine species of amphibians. Ecology. 1965;46:261–269
  16. Pessier AP. Cytologic diagnosis of disease in amphibians. Vet Clin North Am (Exotic Anim Pract). 2007;10:187–206
  17. Voyles J, Berger L, Young S, et al. Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis. Dis Aquat Organ. 2007;77:113–118
  18. Pessier AP. An overview of amphibian skin disease. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med. 2002;11:162–174
  19. Wright KM, Whitaker BR. Pharmacotherapeutics. In:  Wright KM,  Whitaker BR editor. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar, FL: Kreiger Publishing; 2001;p. 309–330
  20. Clayton LA, Gore SR. Amphibian emergency medicine. Vet Clin North Am (Exotic Anim Pract). 2007;10:587–620
  21. Green DE, Converse KA, Schrader AK. Epizootiology of sixty-four amphibian mortality events in the USA, 1996-2001. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002;969:323–339
  22. Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Diversity Distribution. 2003;9:141–150
  23. Pessier AP. Management of disease as a threat to amphibian conservation. Int Zoo Yearbook. 2008;42:30–39
  24. Wolf K, Bullock GL, Dunbar CE, et al. Tadpole edema virus: a viscerotropic pathogen for anuran amphibians. J Infect Dis. 1968;118:253–262
  25. Docherty DE, Meteyer CU, Wang J, et al. Diagnostic and molecular evaluation of three iridovirus-associated salamander mortality events. J Wildl Dis. 2003;39:556–566
  26. Bollinger TK, Mao J, Schock D, et al. Pathology, isolation, and preliminary molecular characterization of a novel iridovirus from tiger salamanders in Saskatchewan. J Wildl Dis. 1999;35:413–429
  27. Cullen BR, Owens L, Whittington RJ. Experimental infection of Australian anurans (Limnodynastes terraereginae and Litoria latopalmata) with Bohle iridovirus. Dis Aquat Organ. 1995;23:83–92
  28. Chinchar VG, Mao J. Molecular diagnosis of iridovirus infections in cold-blooded animals. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med. 2000;9:27–35
  29. Stacy BA, Parker JM. Amphibian oncology. Vet Clin North Am (Exotic Anim Pract). 2004;7:673–695
  30. Duncan AE, Garner MM, Bartholomew JL. Renal myxosporidiasis in Asian horned frogs (Megophrys nasuta). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2004;35:381–386
  31. Mutschmann F. Pathological changes in African hyperoliid frogs due to a myxosporidian infection with a new species of Hoferellus (Myxozoa). Dis Aquat Organ. 2004;60:215–222
  32. Valentine BA, Stoskopf MK. Amebiasis in a neotropical toad. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:1418–1419
  33. Poynton SL, Whitaker BR. Protozoa in poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae): clinical assessment and identification. J Zoo Wildl Med. 1994;25:29–39
  34. Poynton SL, Whitaker BR. Protozoa and metazoa infecting amphibians. In:  Wright KM,  Whitaker BR editor. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar, FL: Kreiger Publishing; 2001;p. 193–221
  35. Garner MM, Raymond JT, Shellabarger W, et al. Intravascular ciliated protozoa: an important cause of mortality in captive reared Kihansi spray toads (Nectophrynoides asperginis). In:  Baer CK editors. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, and American Zoo and Aquarium Association Nutrition Advisory Group. Yulee, FL: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; 2005;p. 274–275
  36. Green DE, Feldman SH, Wimsatt J, et al. Emergence of a Perkinsus-like agent in anuran liver during die-offs of local populations: PCR detection and phylogenetic characterization. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 2003;pp 120-121
  37. Davis AK, Yabsley MJ, Keel MK, et al. Discovery of a novel alveolate pathogen affecting southern leopard frogs in Georgia: description of the disease and host effects. EcoHealth. 2007;4:10–317
  38. Goodchild CG. A new endoparasitic oligochaete (Naididae) from a North American tree-toad, Hyla squirella, Latreille, 1802. J Parasit. 1951;37:205–211
  39. Harman WJ, Lawler AR. Dero (Allodero) hylae, an oligochaete symbiont in hylid frogs in Mississippi. Trans Am Microsc Soc. 1975;94:38–42
  40. Frenkel JK, Harman WJ. Allodera hylae, an endoparasitic worm (Naididae, Oligochaeta, Annelida) from a Colombian poison dart frog, Dendrobates histrionicus, ureteral and cloacal habitat and visceral migration [abstract #58]. Proc Ann Meet Am Soc Parasit. 1985;36
  41. Hill BD, Green PE, Lucke HA. Hepatitis in the green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) associated with infection by a species of Myxidium. Aust Vet J. 1997;75:910–911
  42. Lopez LCS, Rodrigues PJFP, Rios RI. Frogs and snakes as phoretic dispersal agents of bromeliad ostracods (Limnocytheridae: Elpidium) and annelids (Naididae: Dero). Biotrop. 2005;31:705–708
  43. Schotthoefer AM, Cole RA, Beasley VR. Relationship of tadpole stage to location of echinostome cercariae encystment and the consequences for tadpole survival. J Parasitol. 2003;89:475–482
  44. Holland MP, Skelly DK, Kashgarian M, et al. Echinostome infection in green frogs (Rana clamitans) is stage and age dependent. J Zool. 2006;271:455–462
  45. Mata-Lopez R, Leon-Regagnon V, Brooks DR. Species of Gorgoderina (Digenea: Gorgoderidae) in Rana vaillanti and Rana CF. forreri (Anura: Ranidae) from Guanacaste, Costa Rica, including a description of a new species. J Parasitol. 2005;91:403–410
  46. Li X, Lipman NS. Peritoneal gorgoderiasis in a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Lab Anim Sci. 1995;45:309–311
  47. Wright KM, Whitaker BR. Nutritional disorders. In:  Wright KM,  Whitaker BR editor. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar, FL: Kreiger Publishing; 2001;p. 73–87
  48. Pessier AP, Linn M, Garner MM, et al. Suspected hypovitaminosis A in captive toads (Bufo sp.). In:  Baer CK editors. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, and American Zoo and Aquarium Association Nutrition Advisory Group. Yulee, FL: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; 2005;p. 57
  49. Cecil TR. Amphibian renal disease. Vet Clin North Am (Exotic Anim Pract). 2006;9:175–188
  50. Green DE, Harshbarger JC. Spontaneous neoplasia in amphibians. In:  Wright KM,  Whitaker BR editor. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar, FL: Kreiger Publishing; 2001;p. 335–400
  51. Schmidt RE, Reavill DR. Diseases of amphibians. Proc Assoc Rept Amphib Vet. 2004;87–88
  52. Bolton LA, Munson L. Glomerulosclerosis in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Vet Pathol. 1999;36:14–22
  53. Cosgrove GE, Satterfield LC. Amyloidosis. In:  Hoff GL,  Davis JW editor. Noninfectious Diseases of Wildlife. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press; 1982;p. 95–99
  54. Green SL, Bouley DM, Tolwani RJ, et al. Identification and management of an outbreak of Flavobacterium meningosepticum infection in a colony of South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;214:1833–1838
  55. Godfrey D, Williamson H, Silverman J, et al. Newly identified Mycobacterium species in a Xenopus laevis colony. Comp Med. 2007;57:97–104
  56. Tarigo J, Linder K, Neel J, et al. Reluctant to dive: coelomic effusion in a frog. Vet Clin Pathol. 2006;35:341–344
  57. Wright KM. Idiopathic syndromes. In:  Wright KM,  Whitaker BR editor. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar, FL: Kreiger Publishing; 2001;p. 239–243
  58. Vannevel JY. Glomerulonephritis and anasarca in a colony of frogs. Vet Clin North Am (Exotic Anim Pract). 2006;9:609–616
  59. Green SL, Parker J, Davis C, et al. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in gonadotropin-treated laboratory South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2007;46:64–67

PII: S1557-5063(08)00192-4

doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2008.10.003

Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 4-13 , January 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution