Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 17, Issue 1 , Pages 31-38 , January 2008

Diagnostic Testing in Nonhuman Primates

  • Rita McManamon, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Rita McManamon, DVM, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control. Fatal cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B virus) infection following a mucocutaneous exposure and interim recommendations for worker protection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47:1073–10761083
  2. Huff JL, Barry PA. B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(2):246–250
  3. Ostrowski SR, Leslie MJ, Parrott T, et al. B-virus from pet macaque monkeys: an emerging threat in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4:117–120
  4. Bielitzki JT. Emerging viral diseases of nonhuman primates. In:  Fowler ME,  Miller RE editor. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. (ed 4). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1999;p. 377–382
  5. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories5th ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institutes of Health. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs2007;
  6. Eberle R, Hilliard JK. Serological evidence for variation in the incidence of Herpesvirus infections in different species of apes. J Clin Micro. 1989;27(6):1357–1366
  7. Engels EA, Switzer WM, Heneine W, et al. Brief report: serologic evidence for exposure to simian virus 40 in North American zoo workers. J Infect Dis. 2000;190:2065–2069
  8. Grethe S, Heckel JO, Rietschel W, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus variants in nonhuman primates. J Virol. 2000;74:5377–5381
  9. Gustavsson OEA, Röken BO, Serrander R. An epizootic of whooping cough among chimpanzees in a zoo. Folia Primatol (Basel). 1990;55:45–50
  10. Jones EE, Alford PL, Reingold AL, et al. Predisposition to invasive pneumococcal illness following parainfluenza type 3 virus infection in chimpanzees. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:1351–1353
  11. Joslin JO. Other primates excluding Great Apes. In:  Fowler ME,  Miller RE editor. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine:. (ed 5). Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003;p. 377–382
  12. Joslin JO. Zoonotic diseases of nonhuman primates. In:  Fowler ME editors. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 3. Philadelphia: Sanders; 1993;p. 358–373
  13. Junge RE. Prosimians. In:  Fowler ME,  Miller RE editor. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine:. (ed 5). Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003;p. 377–382
  14. Kalter SS, Heberling RL. Viral diseases of infant great apes. In:  Graham CE,  Bowen JE editor. Clinical Management of Infant Great Apes. New York: Liss; 1985;p. 57–106
  15. Kalter SS, Heberling RL. Primate viral diseases in perspective. J Med Primatol. 1990;19:519–535
  16. Kemp G, Losos G, Causey O, et al. Isolation of Herpesvirus hominis from lemurs: a naturally occurring epizootic at a zoological park in Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci. 1972;3:177–185
  17. Kornegay R, Baldwin R, Pirie GL. Herpesvirus encephalitis in a ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata). J Zoo Wildl Med. 1993;24(2):196–203
  18. Lerche NW. Emerging viral diseases of nonhuman primates in the wild. In:  Fowler ME editors. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. (ed 3). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1993;p. 340–344
  19. Loomis MR. Great Apes. In:  Fowler ME,  Miller RE editor. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine:. (ed 5). Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003;p. 381–397
  20. Lowenstine LJ, Lerche NW. Nonhuman primate retroviruses and simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In:  Fowler ME editors. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. (ed 3). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1993;p. 373–378
  21. Mansfield K, King N. Viral diseases. In:  Bennett BT, et al. editor. Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Diseases. New York: Academic Press; 1998;
  22. National Research Council Committee on Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates. Identifying infectious hazards associated with the use of nonhuman primates in research (Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates). In: Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2003;p. 21–58
  23. Ramsey E, Montali RJ. Viral hepatitis in New World primates. In:  Fowler ME editors. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. (ed 3). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1993;p. 355–358
  24. Reddacliff L, Kirkland P, Harley W, et al. Encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an Australian zoo. J Zoo Wild Med. 1997;28(2):153–157
  25. Robertson BH, Margolis HS. Primate hepatitis B viruses—genetic diversity, geography and evolution. Rev Med Virol. 2002;12(3):133–141
  26. Rodhain F, Petter J, Albignac R, et al. Arboviruses and lemurs in Madagascar: experimental infection of Lemur fulvus with yellow fever and West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34(4):816–822
  27. Sajuthi D, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, et al. The incidence of tuberculosis and hepatitis B in orangutans confiscated by the Indonesian government. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet. 1992;17:1992
  28. Scanga C, Holmes K, Montali R. Serological evidence of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the agent of callitrichid hepatitis, in primates in zoos, primate research centers and natural reserve. J Zoo Wildl Med. 1993;24(4):469–474
  29. Stetter M, Worley M, Ruiz B. Herpesvirus associated malignant lymphoma in a slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). J Zoo Wild Med. 1995;26(1):155–160
  30. Switzer WM, Bhullar V, Shanmugam V, et al. Frequent simian foamy virus infection in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. J Virol. 2004;78(6):2780–2789
  31. Warren KS, Heriyanto NH, Verschoor EJ, et al. Seroprevalence of specific viral infections in confiscated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). J Med Primatol. 1998;27:33–37
  32. Warren KS, Heeney JL, Swan RA, et al. A new group of hepadnaviruses naturally infecting orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). J Virol. 1999;73:7860–7865
  33. Weston-Murphy H, Miller M, Ramer J, et al. Implications of simian retroviruses for captive primate population management and the safety of nonhuman primate handlers. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2006;37(3):219–233
  34. Weston-Murphy H, Ramer JL. Old World nonhuman primate retroviral survey-results. In: Proc AAZV, AAWV, WDA conference. 2004;p. 285–287
  35. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Occupational Primate Disease Safety Guidelines for Zoological Institutions. URL:http://www.aazv.org/associations/6442/files/primate_safety_guidelines.doc
  36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. B Virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) Infection. URL:http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/bvirus.htm
  37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dastlr/Retrovirology/aboutretrovirology.htm
  38. Desem D, Jones SL. Development of a human gamma interferon enzyme immunoassay and comparison with tuberculin skin testing for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1998;5(4):531–536
  39. Isaza R. Tuberculosis in all taxa. In:  Fowler ME,  Miller RE editor. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine:. (ed 5). Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003;p. 689–696
  40. Montali RJ, Mikota SK, Cheng LI. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in zoo and wildlife species. Rev Sci Tech. 2001;20:291–303
  41. Thoen CO. Tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases in captive wild animals. In:  Fowler ME editors. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. (ed 3). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1993;p. 392–393
  42. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. ILAR Guidelines for Tuberculosis Testing of Nonhuman Primates, in Laboratory Animal Management: Nonhuman Primates. Washington DC: The National Academies; 1980;
  43. Centers for Disease Control. Interim Guidelines for tuberculin skin testing of nonhuman primates during quarantine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42:522–526
  44. Calle PP. Tuberculin responses in orangutans. In:  Fowler ME,  Miller RE editor. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. (ed 4). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1999;p. 392–396
  45. Wells SK, Sargent EL, Andrews ME, et al. Medical Management of the Orangutan. New Orleans: The Audubon Institute; 1990;
  46. Lerche NW: Detecting tuberculosis in nonhuman primates: potential adjuncts and alternatives to tuberculin skin testing. Presentation at Centers for Disease Control Public Meeting on tuberculosis testing in nonhuman primates, Atlanta, February 16, 2007
  47. Dillehay DL, Huerkamp MJ. Tuberculosis in a tuberculin-negative rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) on chemoprophylaxis. J Zoo Wild Med. 1990;21:480–484
  48. Galland G: Tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. Presentation at Centers for Disease Control public meeting on tuberculosis testing in nonhuman primates, Atlanta, February 16, 2007
  49. Mullan RJ: Nonhuman primate importation and quarantine, United States: 2006. Presentation at Centers for Disease Control public meeting on tuberculosis testing in nonhuman primates, Atlanta, February 16, 2007
  50. Dalovisio JR, Monttenegro-James S, Kemmerly SA, et al. Comparison of the amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) direct test, aplicorMTB PCR and IS6, 110-PCR for detection of MTB in respiratory specimens. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:1099–1106
  51. Kilbourn AM, Godfrey HP, Cook RA, et al. Serum antigen 85 levels in adjunct testing for active mycobacterial infections in orangutans. J Wild Dis. 2001;37:65–71
  52. Lyashchenko K, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, et al. PrimaTB STAT-PAK Assay, a novel serodiagnostic test for tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. Poster presentation (Paper #U-058), American Society of Microbiologists. 2006;
  53. Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari , et al. Tuberculosis in elephants: antibody responses to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, potential for early diagnosis, and monitoring of treatment. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13(7):722–773
  54. Zurlo J: Overview of the National Academies and the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research guidelines for TB testing in nonhuman primates. Presentation at Centers for Disease Control public meeting on tuberculosis testing in nonhuman primates, Atlanta, February 16, 2007

PII: S1557-5063(07)00198-X

doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2007.12.006

Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
Volume 17, Issue 1 , Pages 31-38 , January 2008

Article Tools