Pharmacotherapy for Behavioral Disorders in Pet Birds

Abstract 

The effective use of psychoactive medications in avian patients is limited by the lack of controlled studies. Appropriate dosages, predictable therapeutic effects, pharmacokinetic data, and information about toxicity are often lacking. A variety of psychoactive agents have been used in avian patients to treat disorders such as feather chewing or picking, self-mutilation of soft tissue, and anxiety, but larger clinical trials and placebo-controlled trials are needed to determine efficacy and safety of these agents. The decision to use psychoactive medication in an avian patient and the choice of medication should be based on existing data for the particular species and an understanding of the drug’s mechanisms and indications. For any behavioral disorder, the need for pharmaceutical intervention requires the following: a thorough physical examination and baseline pretreatment laboratory testing, as indicated by physical examination findings and symptoms; an established diagnosis based on complete behavioral and medical histories; a signed owner consent statement; a behavior modification plan with appropriate environmental modifications; knowledge of the drug, side effects, indications, and mechanisms of action; and realistic expectations about treatment outcomes. Use of antipsychotic agents, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, opioid antagonists, benzodiazepines, and hormonal therapies are described.

Key words: avian, psychopharmacology, clomipramine, naltrexone, feather picking