Techniques for Drug Delivery in Psittacine Birds

Abstract 

Psittacine birds are challenging to medicate, because they can deliver a painful bite and can learn to resist drug administration. Some drug delivery systems require restraint or sedation for placement, which may not be tolerated by critically ill birds. In this article, drug-delivery strategies will be discussed regarding psittacine species, including the benefits and risks of each method as well as practical guidance based on the experience of this and other authors.

Key words:  Psittacines , avian , therapeutics , drug delivery routes , medication administration , intravenous , intraosseous , per os , nutritional support , fluid therapy